Fonstad_Recess-Integration_01

Figure 1: A microphotograph of a fully integrated VCSEL in its recess on a CMOS chip showing the upper contact pattern connecting the VSCEL to the underlying circuitry. The emission comes from the small aperture in the contact pattern roughly in the center of the picture. The threshold current for integrated pill VCSELs like this is typically 2 mA or less.

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    ahmed al-obeidi akintunde akinwande anantha chandrakasan brian wardle carl thompson caroline ross center for excitonics charles sodini clifton fonstad dana weinstein dimitri antoniadis duane boning eugene fitzgerald farnaz niroui frances hill gallium nitride gang chen graphene hae-seung lee harry tuller healthcare iii-v materials jeffrey lang jesús del alamo jing kong joel voldman jongyoon han judy l. hoyt karl berggren lionel kimerling luca daniel luis velasquez-garcia marc baldo mildred dresselhaus pablo jarillo-herrero pao lin patrick brown qing hu sang-gook kim silvija gradecak tomas palacios vladimir bulovic vladimir stojanovic yu-chung hsiao zohaib mahmood